The ancient Roman historian Justinus credits Saturn with being a historical king of the pre-Roman inhabitants of Italy: The Argive festival of Hybristica, though not directly related to the Saturnalia, involved a similar reversal of roles in which women would dress as men and men would dress as women. He also mentions that the custom of masters dining with their slaves was associated with the Athenian festival of Anthesteria and the Spartan festival of Hyacinthia. The Greek writer Athenaeus also cites numerous other examples of similar festivals celebrated throughout the Greco-Roman world, including the Cretan festival of Hermaia in honor of Hermes, an unnamed festival from Troezen in honor of Poseidon, the Thessalian festival of Peloria in honor of Zeus Pelorios, and an unnamed festival from Babylon. The Greek equivalent was the Kronia, which was celebrated on the twelfth day of the month of Hekatombaion, which occurred from around mid-July to mid-August on the Attic calendar. The revelries of Saturnalia were supposed to reflect the conditions of the lost mythical age. In Roman mythology, Saturn was an agricultural deity who was said to have reigned over the world in the Golden Age, when humans enjoyed the spontaneous bounty of the earth without labour in a state of innocence.

In particular, the historical western European Christmas custom of electing a ' Lord of Misrule' may have its roots in Saturnalia celebrations.Īncient Greek painting signed by 'Alexander of Athens', discovered in Herculaneum, showing five women playing knucklebones, a game which was played during the Attic holiday of Kronia Saturnalia may have influenced some of the customs associated with later celebrations in western Europe occurring in midwinter, particularly traditions associated with Christmas, the Feast of the Holy Innocents, and Epiphany. The Neoplatonist philosopher Porphyry interpreted the freedom associated with Saturnalia as symbolizing the 'freeing of souls into immortality'. It held theological importance for some Romans, who saw it as a restoration of the ancient Golden Age, when the world was ruled by Saturn. Saturnalia was the Roman equivalent to the earlier Greek holiday of Kronia, which was celebrated during the Attic month of Hekatombaion in late midsummer. The poet Catullus called it 'the best of days'. The gifts exchanged were usually gag gifts or small figurines made of wax or pottery known as sigillaria. A common custom was the election of a 'King of the Saturnalia', who gave orders to people, which were followed and presided over the merrymaking.

The holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn, in the Roman Forum, and a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival atmosphere that overturned Roman social norms: gambling was permitted, and masters provided table service for their slaves as it was seen as a time of liberty for both slaves and freedmen alike.

Saturnalia is an ancient Roman festival and holiday in honour of the god Saturn, held on 17 December of the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities through to 23 December. Public sacrifice and banquet for the god Saturn universal wearing of the pileus Saturnalia (1783) by Antoine-François Callet, showing his interpretation of what the Saturnalia might have looked likeįeasting, role reversals, gift-giving, gambling

Saturnalia pronunciation